Thomsena, Annemarie B; Eriksena, Jørgen; Smidt-Nielsenb, Knud. Forensic Science International, Volume 108, Issue 3, 28 February 2000, Pages 155–163.
The physical and psychological sequelae of torture are numerous. This study focuses on pain diagnosis, characterising pain types as nociceptive, visceral, or neuropathic. Torture victims from the Middle East, treated at the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) in Copenhagen, participated in the study. The patients were referred to a pain specialist for evaluation of unsolved pain problems. Eighteen male torture victims were examined. Twelve patients experienced pain at more than three locations. Nociceptive and neuropathic pain were demonstrated in all patients. Specific neuropathic pain conditions were related to the following four types of physical torture: Palestinian hanging, falanga, beating and kicking of the head, and positional torture. When treating torture victims, it is important to know about torture methods, to think differently than normal on etiological and pathogenetic factors and always consider the presence of neuropathic pain.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073899002091?via%3Dihub